Thursday, October 17, 2013

Why I Do What I Do

Three completely disparate facts:
1. With his start on Tuesday night, Lance Lynn appeared in his 19th postseason game
2. Alshon Jeffery had 218 receiving yards in the game against Saints
3. Jay Cutler is 27-2 (.931) in games in which he has a passer rating of 100 or greater

So what? That's the kind of stuff that makes a person sitting next to you at a bar turn around and talk to the person on the other side (the person that doesn't exist). Those are three numbers that by themselves are just that--numbers. What makes them special?
1. Lynn made those appearances with only 3 years in the majors, only the second pitcher (after John Rocker) to rack up that many postseason appearances with so few years. If he appears in another game, he'll have that record to himself.
2. Jeffery was the first Bear to have a 200-yard receiving game since Johnny Morris had 201 yards on November 11th...1962 (when I was 20 days old). 130 players have 200+ receiving yard games in that almost-50-year period.
3. Since Cutler entered the league in 2006, quarterbacks who have games with passer ratings of 100+ have a winning percent of .773--Cutler has bettered that by almost 20 points, a pretty significant margin.

I tell stories, I just happen to use numbers to flesh them out, add context or illustrate magnitude. A number by itself is simply that--a number, indicative of nothing. Until that number is compared to something else or placed in the proper context, it will confuse more than illuminate. Consider this table, which shows winning percent from 2000-2012 in the NFL depending on if the team had more passing yards, rushing yards or won the turnover battle:
Without explanation, this can be an easily-misunderstood table, since cause and effect can be misconstrued. Teams don't win because they run, THEY RUN BECAUSE THEYRE WINNING. Someday I'll delve into the play-by-play data to show the difference in rushing yards by half, and even THAT won't be definitive since I suspect it might get easier to run in the second half when the defense gets gassed. Separating cause from effect is tricky and very rarely does one individual number explain that difference.

But I try--I tell stories, and I try my hardest to use facts and not supposition to support my narrative. I debated in high school and college and I wasn't very good, because I placed far more emphasis on the FACTS of my argument instead of the argument itself. In life, however, facts matter, which is the main reason I write--I hear or read things and say to myself "Is that true? By how much is that person better/worse than average" and so on. I go into this a bit more in my bio, so if you're reading this because you can't fall asleep, try that.

This is where I could use some help--I started this blog in 2012 but couldn't generate any readership, so I bailed. I tried it again at the beginning of the 2013 baseball season with the intention of marshaling my then-army of around 35 Twitter followers and started re-posting my own stuff at reddit.com, in a very express violation of their rules. It worked--I went from around 20-30 readers a day to anywhere from 200-2,000 readers a day, depending on if my content was good or if some bigfoot saw what I wrote and exposed it to a larger audience. However, someone at reddit got mad (and rightly so--like I said, what I did was in violation of their rules) so I stopped posting my stuff there and pulled down everything I had posted, and now my readership is back in the double digits. I ask a very simple question:
HOW CAN I INCREASE MY READERSHIP?
I wrote a post at FanGraphs a couple of days ago that literally took me longer to get the charts right than to write, so apparently there's an audience for my stuff, I just need to figure out how to reach them. If there's sites out there that will link to my stuff without those pesky "Don't post your own stuff" rules, I'd love to hear about them, since I'm as vain as the next guy and prefer a larger audience to a smaller one. Any worthwhile suggestions and you'll get a credit in a future post. Even better, if you're FanGraphs, Baseball Prospectus, SB Nation, Tom Tango or someone else similar, I'd REALLY love to write for/with your organization--I think I have some interesting stories to tell.

Tuesday, October 15, 2013

Runs Per Game

I'm in the process of writing a series of posts centered around the Hall of Fame vote that will be announced in December and am collecting some related stats to give context to the numbers I'll use to support my arguments. As is my habit, I tweet some of these numbers out from time to time to see if they resonate with people, and I did that last night and was stunned by the response. It delayed me watching "The Walking Dead" by a full hour (VERY good episode, by the way).

I began with a very simple chart, the average runs scored per team from 1980-2013:

It's partially a function of the scaling of the vertical axis, but it's hard to miss the run-up in offensive production and to see almost precisely when it began. There have always been odd years where offense increases with no explanation--1987 was one of those years. Offensive output increased beginning in 1995 for well-documented and discussed reasons, but it must also be remembered that a wave of new stadiums were built that were much more hitter-friendly than those they replaced. Shorter fences and reduced foul territory combined to produce fewer outs, leading to a greater opportunity to score runs. Regardless of the cause, that period is over as run-scoring is down to its lowest point in 30+ years.

This chart expands the time frame to the history of organized baseball:

Accept some of the labels I used for eras as my weak attempts at humor. The "modern" era of baseball is widely considered to have begun in 1901 with the inception of the American League. Prior to that leagues came and went and innovations in the game were rampant (most of this is from The New Bill James' Historical Baseball Abstract):
1. The introduction of gloves
2. Catcher equipment that caused them to move closer to the plate
3. Moving the pitching mound to 60'6"--this happened after the 1894 season, I think
4. Turning the foul ball into a strike (1901 in the NL, 1903 for the AL), which alone was a huge factor in beginning the onset of the Dead Ball Era

This chart has a tendency to smooth out the fluctuations in run scoring in the 20th Century and beyond but the labels do help show the rise and fall of run scoring. Pitching comes and pitching goes and it appears to have come back again beginning around 2007. Why that is will be for others to decide.

These charts generated about as much Twitter chatter as I've ever received without getting retweeted by someone with more credibility (and followers) than me. Since I love attention more as much as anyone, I continued--this chart shows home run incidence since 1901:

There are brief spasms of increases in home runs (1929-1930, 1987), but they're generally short-term. As I already mentioned, the new parks certainly played a role in the increase in home runs that began in 1995 but both runs and home runs are down over 18% since 2000:


Whether this is short-term or indicative of another shift in historical trends is too early to determine, but it has gained momentum since around 2007.

The last chart generated absolutely no interest whatsoever but I'll put up anyway--it shows the incidence of steal attempts in a game (stolen bases and caught stealing) since 1920:

This chart is a little trickier in that running on the base paths is typically inverse to runs scored, i.e., when runs are "easier" to score teams are more content to get runners on base and drive them in. The running game clearly had a renaissance from around 1960-1985 but fell off dramatically in the 1990s. As runs became more difficult to score it appeared that stealing might be making a resurgence around 2010 but 2013 threw a large bucket of cold water on that idea. 2013 very well could be the blip as team speed in general is coming back into fashion, but stealing bases needs to be coupled with the risk of an out, and the work by Tom Tango with the Run Expectancy Matrix (the second table in particular) shows the value of the added base is usually not outweighed by the cost of the out. Look at the teams left in the postseason--Boston was 4th in the majors in stolen bases...the Dodgers 15th, and the Tigers and Cardinals dead last at 29th and 30th.

No sport ever stays still--Robert Griffin III, Colin Kaepernick and Russell Wilson were all the toasts of the NFL in 2012 and are having varying levels of success in 2013. Trends in the NBA come and go (except when LeBron James is playing) and baseball is the same--sometimes hitting rules, sometimes pitching and sometimes there's a pretty good balance between the two. I've written no shortage of posts suggesting that pitching may be on the rise, the question is one of for how long this might be the case.

Monday, October 14, 2013

Postseason Odds and Ends

Over the weekend there were numerous little postseason items worthy of discussion.

LANCE LYNN
When Lance Lynn entered the first game of the NLCS on Friday he made his 18th postseason appearance, not bad for a player who just completed his third big league season. Here's how that compares in history:

This table shows how many seasons a player had under his belt by the time he made his 18th postseason appearance. I apologize for cutting off some of the names but it's pretty obvious who they are. To make this kind of list it clearly behooves a pitcher to:
1. Play for a good team early in his career
2. Play after the introduction of the playoffs in 1969
3. Be a reliever

It's not an accomplishment for Lynn as much as an acknowledgement--any time a player is #3 on just about any list, it's worthy of note.









1-0 GAMES
I saw this tweet Saturday night:

To the Internet! Specifically, to the Baseball-Reference Play Index feature, which spit out this list:
Rk Date Series Gm# Tm Opp Rslt ▾ PA AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI BB SO SB CS LOB
1 2013-10-12 NLCS 2 STL LAD W 1-0 27 24 1 2 1 1 0 1 2 5 0 0 2
2 2013-10-12 ALCS 1 DET BOS W 1-0 40 35 1 9 3 0 0 1 3 6 0 0 12
3 2013-10-05 ALDS 2 OAK DET W 1-0 35 32 1 8 1 0 0 1 3 13 0 0 10
4 2011-10-07 NLDS 5 STL PHI W 1-0 35 32 1 6 1 1 0 1 1 9 1 0 7
5 2010-10-07 NLDS 1 SFG ATL W 1-0 31 26 1 5 1 0 0 1 4 9 1 1 6
6 2005-10-26 WS 4 CHW HOU W 1-0 35 34 1 8 3 1 0 1 0 10 0 0 7
7 2001-10-13 ALDS 3 NYY OAK W 1-0 32 29 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 7 0 0 4
8 2001-10-10 NLDS 2 ATL HOU W 1-0 35 31 1 7 2 0 0 0 3 5 1 0 7
9 2001-10-09 NLDS 1 ARI STL W 1-0 36 31 1 8 3 0 0 1 3 7 0 0 11
10 1999-10-15 NLCS 3 ATL NYM W 1-0 32 27 1 3 0 0 0 0 4 8 2 0 4
11 1997-10-15 ALCS 6 CLE BAL W 1-0 39 36 1 3 1 0 1 1 3 14 0 0 5
12 1996-10-24 WS 5 NYY ATL W 1-0 36 31 1 4 1 0 0 1 5 10 2 0 8
13 1995-10-28 WS 6 ATL CLE W 1-0 36 28 1 6 1 0 1 1 7 4 1 1 11
14 1991-10-27 WS 7 MIN ATL W 1-0 41 34 1 10 2 0 0 1 5 5 0 0 12
15 1991-10-16 NLCS 6 ATL PIT W 1-0 36 32 1 7 3 0 0 1 3 5 2 1 8
16 1991-10-14 NLCS 5 PIT ATL W 1-0 36 32 1 6 3 0 0 1 3 8 0 0 8
17 1991-10-10 NLCS 2 ATL PIT W 1-0 37 34 1 8 1 0 0 1 2 7 3 0 9
18 1987-10-13 NLCS 6 STL SFG W 1-0 29 28 1 5 0 1 0 1 0 9 0 0 4
19 1986-10-18 WS 1 BOS NYM W 1-0 36 31 1 5 0 0 0 0 5 8 0 0 8
20 1986-10-08 NLCS 1 HOU NYM W 1-0 33 30 1 7 1 0 1 1 3 6 2 0 8
21 1984-10-05 ALCS 3 DET KCR W 1-0 30 26 1 3 0 0 0 1 4 6 3 0 5
22 1983-10-04 NLCS 1 PHI LAD W 1-0 36 32 1 5 0 0 1 1 4 4 0 0 8
23 1981-10-07 NLDS 2 HOU LAD W 1-0 43 39 1 9 0 0 0 1 3 4 1 1 10
24 1980-10-10 NLCS 3 HOU PHI W 1-0 42 31 1 6 1 2 0 1 8 3 0 1 10
25 1974-10-08 ALCS 3 OAK BAL W 1-0 32 29 1 4 0 0 1 1 1 4 0 1 4
26 1972-10-18 WS 3 CIN OAK W 1-0 36 31 1 4 0 0 0 1 4 14 3 0 8
27 1969-10-05 ALCS 2 BAL MIN W 1-0 44 36 1 8 2 0 0 1 7 4 0 2 11
28 1966-10-09 WS 4 BAL LAD W 1-0 27 26 1 4 0 0 1 1 1 5 0 1 2
29 1966-10-08 WS 3 BAL LAD W 1-0 26 25 1 3 0 0 1 1 1 4 0 0 1
30 1963-10-05 WS 3 LAD NYY W 1-0 31 24 1 4 0 0 0 1 6 5 0 1 6
31 1962-10-16 WS 7 NYY SFG W 1-0 36 32 1 7 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 8
32 1959-10-06 WS 5 CHW LAD W 1-0 33 28 1 5 0 0 0 0 3 7 0 0 5
33 1957-10-07 WS 5 MLN NYY W 1-0 30 28 1 6 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 0 5
34 1956-10-09 WS 6 BRO NYY W 1-0 40 31 1 4 1 0 0 1 8 11 0 0 10
35 1950-10-04 WS 1 NYY PHI W 1-0 37 31 1 5 1 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 9
36 1949-10-06 WS 2 BRO NYY W 1-0 33 31 1 7 2 1 0 1 1 4 0 0 5
37 1949-10-05 WS 1 NYY BRO W 1-0 29 29 1 5 2 0 1 1 0 11 0 0 4
38 1948-10-06 WS 1 BSN CLE W 1-0 29 24 1 2 0 0 0 1 3 2 1 0 4
Provided by Baseball-Reference.com: View Play Index Tool Used
Generated 10/14/2013.

Only 38 1-0 games in postseason history, and as the questioner (and Twitter follower of mine--thanks!) drmagoo (@drmagoo) asked, it was indeed the first time that there were two 1-0 games on the same day. Obviously it was impossible prior to the introduction of the playoffs in 1969, but I left those games in just to show how infrequent the 1-0 game is--38 out of 1,387 postseason games played through Sunday.

POSTSEASON NO-HITTERS
Jim Leyland showed the new way of thinking, particularly in the postseason when he removed Anibal Sanchez in Saturday night's game after 6 innings, 116 pitches...and giving up no hits. The list of postseason no-hitters is very small:
Rk Date Series Gm# Tm Opp Rslt PA AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI BB SO LOB
1 2010-10-06 NLDS 1 CIN PHI L 0-4 28 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 1
2 1956-10-08 WS 5 BRO NYY L 0-2 27 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0
Provided by Baseball-Reference.com: View Play Index Tool Used
Generated 10/14/2013.

Cliff Lee in 2010 and Don Larsen in 1956 and that's it. The list of multi-pitcher no-hitters in the postseason is even smaller, the big goose egg. It was clearly a no-brainer for Leyland to remove Sanchez since a reasonable extrapolation would have taken him to around 140+ pitches to complete the game and Sanchez will be needed for at least three more games if the Tigers advance to the World Series. Sometimes it's a fine line between individual achievement and team need, but in the postseason that fine line becomes a gaping chasm. It's probably for the best of all involved that Daniel Nava got that hit with one out in the 9th to make the entire discussion moot.

JACK MORRIS
In Sunday's game Joe Buck (I think) discussed Jack Morris and mentioned how dominating he was in the postseason. This is Morris' postseason record:
Rk Year Series Date Tm Opp Rslt Inngs Dec DR IP H R ER BB SO HR ERA BF Pit GSc
1 1984 ALCS g1 Oct 2 DET @ KCR W,8-1 GS-7 W(1-0) 99 7.0 5 1 1 1 4 0 1.29 27 91 66
2 1984 WS g1 Oct 9 DET @ SDP W,3-2 CG W(2-0) 6 9.0 8 2 2 3 9 0 1.69 35 135 69
3 1984 WS g4 Oct 13 DET SDP W,4-2 CG W(3-0) 3 9.0 5 2 2 0 4 1 1.80 32 102 73
4 1987 ALCS g2 Oct 8 DET @ MIN L,3-6 CG(8) L(0-1) 99 8.0 6 6 6 3 7 1 6.75 33 129 50
5 1991 ALCS g1 Oct 8 MIN TOR W,5-4 GS-6 W(1-0) 99 5.1 8 4 4 0 4 0 6.75 23 89 40
6 1991 ALCS g4 Oct 12 MIN @ TOR W,9-3 GS-8 W(2-0) 3 8.0 9 2 2 1 3 0 4.05 34 110 58
7 1991 WS g1 Oct 19 MIN ATL W,5-2 GS-8 W(3-0) 6 7.0 5 2 2 4 3 0 3.54 29 100 58
8 1991 WS g4 Oct 23 MIN @ ATL L,2-3 GS-6 3 6.0 6 1 1 3 4 1 3.08 25 94 57
9 1991 WS g7 Oct 27 MIN ATL W,1-0 SHO(10) W(4-0) 3 10.0 7 0 0 2 8 0 2.23 38 126 84
10 1992 ALCS g1 Oct 7 TOR OAK L,3-4 CG L(0-1) 99 9.0 6 4 4 4 4 3 4.00 35 119 59
11 1992 ALCS g4 Oct 11 TOR @ OAK W,7-6 GS-4 3 3.1 5 5 5 5 2 0 6.57 20 71 27
12 1992 WS g1 Oct 17 TOR @ ATL L,1-3 GS-6 L(0-2) 5 6.0 4 3 3 5 7 1 5.89 27 98 54
13 1992 WS g5 Oct 22 TOR ATL L,2-7 GS-5 L(0-3) 4 4.2 9 7 7 1 5 2 7.43 23 83 22
92.1 83 39 39 32 64 9 3.80 381
Provided by Baseball-Reference.com: View Original Table
Generated 10/14/2013.

I included a link to this table in this tweet:
This was retweeted by MLB Network's Brian Kenny (@MrBrianKenny), which generated a very healthy reaction. I need to thank the people who responded by telling me what Morris' record was in given years, which I had noticed in the LINK I HAD INCLUDED IN THE TWEET. There is no disputing the dominance he had in the 1984 postseason, and I'm not going to diminish a 7-4 postseason record, but he wasn't the second coming of Whitey Ford or Bob Gibson. I take the most issue with the idea that his postseason record somehow is a major factor in Morris' Hall of Fame credentials. I'll discuss this specifically in November as I do a whole series on the Hall of Fame, but I'll state here that Morris' postseason record is good, GOOD...but not one of the best of all-time and clearly not a lynchpin behind a Hall of Fame candidacy:
Rk Player #Matching W ▾ L W-L% ERA GS CG SHO SV IP H ER HR BB SO WHIP
1 Andy Pettitte 44 Ind. Games 19 11 .633 3.81 44 0 0 0 276.2 285 117 31 76 183 1.30
2 John Smoltz 41 Ind. Games 15 4 .789 2.67 27 2 1 4 209.0 172 62 17 67 199 1.14
3 Tom Glavine 35 Ind. Games 14 16 .467 3.30 35 3 0 0 218.1 191 80 21 87 143 1.27
4 Roger Clemens 35 Ind. Games 12 8 .600 3.75 34 1 1 0 199.0 173 83 17 70 173 1.22
5 Greg Maddux 35 Ind. Games 11 14 .440 3.27 30 2 0 1 198.0 195 72 14 51 125 1.24
6 Curt Schilling 19 Ind. Games 11 2 .846 2.23 19 4 2 0 133.1 104 33 12 25 120 0.97
7 David Wells 27 Ind. Games 10 5 .667 3.17 17 1 0 0 125.0 116 44 12 25 83 1.13
8 Dave Stewart 22 Ind. Games 10 6 .625 2.77 18 3 1 0 133.0 99 41 13 48 73 1.11
9 Whitey Ford 22 Ind. Games 10 8 .556 2.71 22 7 3 0 146.0 132 44 8 34 94 1.14
10 Chris Carpenter 18 Ind. Games 10 4 .714 3.00 18 1 1 0 108.0 104 36 11 36 68 1.30
11 Catfish Hunter 22 Ind. Games 9 6 .600 3.26 19 4 1 1 132.1 114 48 21 35 70 1.13
12 CC Sabathia 19 Ind. Games 9 5 .643 4.53 18 1 0 0 107.1 116 54 14 51 101 1.56
13 Orlando Hernandez 19 Ind. Games 9 3 .750 2.55 14 0 0 0 106.0 77 30 10 55 107 1.25
14 Mariano Rivera 96 Ind. Games 8 1 .889 0.70 0 0 0 42 141.0 86 11 2 21 110 0.76
15 Orel Hershiser 22 Ind. Games 8 3 .727 2.59 18 4 2 1 132.0 103 38 8 43 97 1.11
16 David Cone 21 Ind. Games 8 3 .727 3.80 18 1 0 0 111.1 93 47 12 58 94 1.36
17 Jim Palmer 17 Ind. Games 8 3 .727 2.61 15 6 2 0 124.1 101 36 10 50 90 1.21
18 Mike Mussina 23 Ind. Games 7 8 .467 3.42 21 0 0 0 139.2 121 53 19 33 145 1.10
19 Randy Johnson 19 Ind. Games 7 9 .438 3.50 16 3 2 0 121.0 106 47 15 32 132 1.14
20 Allie Reynolds 15 Ind. Games 7 2 .778 2.79 9 5 2 4 77.1 61 24 8 32 62 1.20
21 Justin Verlander 14 Ind. Games 7 4 .636 3.48 14 1 1 0 85.1 67 33 11 28 98 1.11
22 Dave McNally 14 Ind. Games 7 4 .636 2.49 12 6 2 0 90.1 65 25 12 34 65 1.10
23 Josh Beckett 14 Ind. Games 7 3 .700 3.07 13 3 3 0 93.2 67 32 11 21 99 0.94
24 Jack Morris 13 Ind. Games 7 4 .636 3.80 13 5 1 0 92.1 83 39 9 32 64 1.25
25 Cole Hamels 13 Ind. Games 7 4 .636 3.09 13 1 1 0 81.2 65 28 9 21 77 1.05
26 Livan Hernandez 12 Ind. Games 7 3 .700 3.97 10 1 0 0 68.0 67 30 6 36 47 1.51
27 Cliff Lee 11 Ind. Games 7 3 .700 2.52 11 3 0 0 82.0 66 23 2 10 89 0.93
28 Red Ruffing 10 Ind. Games 7 2 .778 2.63 10 8 0 0 85.2 74 25 4 27 61 1.18
29 Bob Gibson 9 Ind. Games 7 2 .778 1.89 9 8 2 0 81.0 55 17 6 17 92 0.89
Provided by Baseball-Reference.com: View Play Index Tool Used
Generated 10/14/2013.